Plain language summary
Associations between vegan diets and better health outcomes have been shown in previous studies yet impacts on diabetes are still not fully understood. The aim of this systematic review of 15 observational and randomised control trials looks at the effects of a vegan diet on risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), blood sugar balance and T2D related complications. The results showed that risk for T2D is lower in vegans than in omnivores, even though the difference in BMI between the two groups was low. The occurrence of T2D was low amongst the studies reviewed and in those already diagnosed with T2D, blood sugars were better controlled amongst those following a vegan diet. It was concluded that the vegan diet is associated with lower T2D prevalence, incidence and better blood sugar control. This study could be used by healthcare professionals to make dietary recommendations of the use of a vegan diet to reduce the risk for T2D and achieve better blood sugar control in those who already have T2D.
Abstract
A protective effect of vegan diets on health outcomes has been observed in previous studies, but its impact on diabetes is still debated. The aim of this review is to assess the relationship between vegan diets and the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) along with its effect on glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. In accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, Pubmed and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched for all relevant studies. Seven observational and eight randomized controlled (RCTs) studies were included. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs. We found that a vegan diet is associated with lower T2D prevalence or incidence and in T2D patients decreases high glucose values and improves glucose homeostasis, as reported from the majority of included studies. This approach seems to be comparable to other recommended healthful eating models, but as it may have potential adverse effects associated with the long-term exclusion of some nutrients, appropriate nutritional planning and surveillance are recommended, particularly in specific groups of diabetic patients such as frail elderly, adolescents, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Methodological quality
Jadad score
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Allocation concealment
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